Research Guides

A research-focused guide to peptide purity testing, including RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry, LC-MS, chromatographic area purity, absolute peptide content, common impurities and how to interpret a peptide COA.

Updated August 2026. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central coenzyme in cellular metabolism. It acts both as a redox carrier, cycling between NAD+ and NADH, and as a consumed substrate for signaling enzymes such as sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. Those two roles make NAD+ important to energy metabolism, DNA-repair signaling, stress responses and mitochondrial…

Updated August 2026. BPC-157 has a large preclinical literature but a very small human evidence base. That distinction is often blurred online. Most mechanistic claims about tendon repair, angiogenesis, gastrointestinal protection, nitric-oxide signaling and tissue recovery come from cell and animal studies rather than large controlled human trials. This article separates the evidence by level:…

Updated August 2026. MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within a short open reading frame in mitochondrial 12S rRNA. It was first described in 2015 as a signaling peptide involved in metabolic homeostasis, with early work linking its cellular effects to folate-cycle disruption, AICAR accumulation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). MOTS-c is…

Updated August 2026. TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are often discussed as though they are interchangeable names, but that is not a reliable way to read the scientific literature. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a defined endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide with a substantial research record in actin regulation, cell migration, wound models and tissue repair. The label TB-500,…

Updated August 2026. GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the naturally occurring tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK). Although it is often described simply as a “copper peptide,” the research literature is more specific: GHK has a strong affinity for Cu(II), forms a defined coordination complex, and has been studied in relation to extracellular-matrix remodeling, fibroblast activity, collagen…

A research-focused comparison of Retatrutide and Tirzepatide, including receptor pharmacology, clinical evidence, current Phase 3 data and the limitations of cross-trial comparisons.

Inflammation and gut health research has entered a fascinating era, with small bioactive peptides emerging as some of the most promising molecular targets under investigation. Among these, the KPV peptide has attracted considerable scientific attention for its multifaceted biological activity and therapeutic potential across several physiological systems. KPV is a tripeptide derived from the C-terminal…

Few compounds in modern peptide research have generated as much scientific interest as BPC-157. Originally isolated from human gastric juice, this 15-amino acid sequence has become a focal point for researchers investigating tissue repair mechanisms, angiogenesis, and cellular signaling pathways. Yet despite its growing prominence in laboratory settings, rigorous analysis of its biochemical properties remains…

The biotechnology landscape has never moved faster, and at the center of this acceleration sits one of the most promising classes of molecules in modern science. Peptides have evolved from niche laboratory compounds into a multi-billion dollar industry, attracting interest from pharmaceutical giants, academic researchers, and wellness entrepreneurs alike. Yet with rapid growth comes a…